Chapter 114 of 2363 min read
Aromatic hydrocarbons: electrophilic substitution, directing effects
Why this is asked: Halogens are the one substituent that's ortho/para-directing yet still deactivating — their lone pair donates into the ring by resonance (directing) while their electronegativity withdraws inductively (deactivating), a combination no other common group shows. Friedel–Crafts reactions also simply fail on an already strongly deactivated ring, such as nitrobenzene, no matter how much catalyst is used.
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